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        2021年1月18日 晚上
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            <h1 style="display: none">American National Literature</h1>
            
              <p class="note note-info">
                
                  本文最后更新于：2021年1月19日 晚上
                
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            <div class="markdown-body">
              <h1 id="The-Rise-of-National-Literature"><a href="#The-Rise-of-National-Literature" class="headerlink" title="The Rise of National Literature"></a>The Rise of National Literature</h1><p><img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/80/c77e4b7603ce86a02315d9dd461cf379_720w.jpg?source=1940ef5c" srcset="/img/loading.gif" alt="Benjamin Franklin"></p>
<h2 id="Historical-and-cultural-background"><a href="#Historical-and-cultural-background" class="headerlink" title="Historical and cultural background"></a>Historical and cultural background</h2><ol>
<li><strong>Novel</strong> gains prominence in England</li>
<li>Rise of cities: Philadelphia, New York City <strong>(paving way for novels and drama)</strong></li>
<li>Newton: <strong>scientific rationalism</strong></li>
<li>17th century Philosophy<ul>
<li>John Locke (empiricism, natural rights, influencing Jefferson)</li>
<li>Thomas Hobbes (absolute power of state, influencing Hamilton)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Religion Shifting<ul>
<li>The Great Awakening that values personal experience and sense: <strong>Jonathan Edwards</strong></li>
<li>Puritanism declines, rise of <strong>Deism and Unitarianism</strong> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Popular Press: political pamphlets</li>
<li><strong>Neoclassicism</strong>: rules, reason, harmony, balance, restraint, decorum, order, serenity and form </li>
<li>American Revolution</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="Deism-Unitarianism-自然神论-唯一神教派"><a href="#Deism-Unitarianism-自然神论-唯一神教派" class="headerlink" title="Deism/Unitarianism (自然神论\唯一神教派)"></a>Deism/Unitarianism (自然神论\唯一神教派)</h3><ol>
<li>Emerge in <strong>18th century</strong> in America</li>
<li>Come from the <strong>Enlightenment (启蒙运动)</strong></li>
<li><strong>Simplify the Christian religion</strong>: the rights of religion is consistent with the rights of government and rights of the individual</li>
<li><strong>Antidote to Puritanism</strong>: human relationship; perfectibility of humans; power of rational mind</li>
<li><strong>Institutionalized Deism</strong> known as Unitarianism<ul>
<li>Salvation by character </li>
<li>Progress of mankind onward and upward</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="Political-and-Revolutionary-Writings"><a href="#Political-and-Revolutionary-Writings" class="headerlink" title="Political and Revolutionary Writings"></a>Political and Revolutionary Writings</h2><ul>
<li>Benjamin Franklin: <em>The Autobiography</em></li>
<li>Thomas Paine: <em>The Rights of Man</em></li>
<li>Thomas Jefferson: <em>Declaration of Independence</em></li>
<li>Alexander Hamilton: <em>The Federalist Papers</em> 《联邦党人文集》: <ul>
<li>supporting strong national government, the importance of the government’s power of taxation, the Constitution, and structure of the new government, including the need for checks and balances between the different powers. </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="Writings-in-Pre-Revolutionary-Colonies"><a href="#Writings-in-Pre-Revolutionary-Colonies" class="headerlink" title="Writings in Pre-Revolutionary Colonies"></a>Writings in Pre-Revolutionary Colonies</h2><ul>
<li>Theoretical discussions of <strong>religious questions, political writings</strong><ul>
<li>Thomas Paine: <em>Common Sense</em></li>
<li>Thomas Jefferson: <em>Declaration of Independence</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Practical matter-of-fact</strong> accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc<ul>
<li>Franklin: <em>Poor Richard’s Almanacs</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="Benjamin-Franklin-1706—1790-Individualism"><a href="#Benjamin-Franklin-1706—1790-Individualism" class="headerlink" title="Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790): Individualism"></a>Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790): Individualism</h2><ul>
<li>Contribution to American National literature<ul>
<li><strong><em>The Autobiography (Memoirs)</em></strong></li>
<li><strong><em>Poor Richard’s Almanac</em></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Writing style: laconic, axioms (格言), plain</li>
<li>Good at promoting himself for the <strong>public image</strong> of a self-made man, and an <strong>archetypal American success story</strong></li>
<li>Diverse Voice<ul>
<li>still <strong>lacked national feeling</strong> and books needed which expressed special character of the nation.</li>
<li>too young to develop or declare its independence from the British literary tradition, <strong>still a branch of English culture</strong></li>
<li>The call for a national literature was a mistake; good literature should be universal</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="Summary"><a href="#Summary" class="headerlink" title="Summary"></a>Summary</h2><ul>
<li><strong>The first American Novels</strong><ul>
<li>William Hill Brown: <em>The Power of Sympathy</em></li>
<li>Susanna Rowson: <em>Charlotte Temple</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>One of the first American plays</strong><ul>
<li>Royall Tyler: <em>The Contrast</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>American poet</strong><ul>
<li>Philip Freneau: forerunner of American Romanticism</li>
<li>“To a Wild Honeysuckle”: a lyrical lament for the mutability of nature and an expression of faith in man’s ability to learn universal truths from nature; simple diction and pensive mood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

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                <p class="note note-warning">本博客所有文章除特别声明外，均采用 <a target="_blank" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh" rel="nofollow noopener noopener">CC BY-SA 4.0 协议</a> ，转载请注明出处！</p>
              
              
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